Besides minimum contacts, what is another basis for in personam jurisdiction described in the notes?

Besides minimum contacts, what is another basis for in personam jurisdiction described in the notes?

• A. Systematic and continuous
• B. Domicile of plaintiff
• C. Consent of defendant
• D. Presence in the state

Answer: (A)

The key concept is general jurisdiction: in personam jurisdiction can rely on the defendant’s ongoing, systematic and continuous presence in the forum, not just on the relationship between the defendant’s contacts and a specific claim. “Systematic and continuous” means the defendant maintains substantial, enduring activity in the state—so much that the defendant is essentially at home there. Because of that sustained forum presence, the court can hear claims against the defendant even if the particular dispute has little or nothing to do with those forum activities. For individuals, this is typically tied to domicile; for corporations, to being at home in the forum (often where incorporated or where its principal place of business is). In contrast, minimum contacts is about specific jurisdiction tied to the claim, whereas general jurisdiction looks to the overall, persistent footprint in the state. Presence in the state is a separate traditional basis, but the notes describe the broader, ongoing affiliation—systematic and continuous—as the other basis besides minimum contacts.

The key concept is general jurisdiction: in personam jurisdiction can rely on the defendant’s ongoing, systematic and continuous presence in the forum, not just on the relationship between the defendant’s contacts and a specific claim. “Systematic and continuous” means the defendant maintains substantial, enduring activity in the state—so much that the defendant is essentially at home there. Because of that sustained forum presence, the court can hear claims against the defendant even if the particular dispute has little or nothing to do with those forum activities. For individuals, this is typically tied to domicile; for corporations, to being at home in the forum (often where incorporated or where its principal place of business is). In contrast, minimum contacts is about specific jurisdiction tied to the claim, whereas general jurisdiction looks to the overall, persistent footprint in the state. Presence in the state is a separate traditional basis, but the notes describe the broader, ongoing affiliation—systematic and continuous—as the other basis besides minimum contacts.